What is Cricket sport🏏

cricket, England’s national summer sport, which is now played throughout the world, particularly in Australia, India, Pakistan, the West Indies, and the British Isles.

cricket field

Location of wickets and principal fielding positions on a cricket field.

Cricket is played with a bat and ball and involves two competing sides (teams) of 11 players. The field is oval with a rectangular area in the middle, known as the pitch, that is 22 yards (20.12 metres) by 10 feet (3.04 metres) wide. Two sets of three sticks, called wickets, are set in the ground at each end of the pitch. Across the top of each wicket lie horizontal pieces called bails. The sides take turns at batting and bowling (pitching); each turn is called an “innings” (always plural). Sides have one or two innings each, depending on the prearranged duration of the match, the object being to score the most runs. The bowlers, delivering the ball with a straight arm, try to break (hit) the wicket with the ball so that the bails fall. This is one of several ways that the batsman is dismissed, or put out. A bowler delivers six balls at one wicket (thus completing an “over”), then a different player from his side bowls six balls to the opposite wicket. The batting side defends its wicket.

There are two batsman up at a time, and the batsman being bowled to (the striker) tries to hit the ball away from the wicket. A hit may be defensive or offensive. A defensive hit may protect the wicket but leave the batsmen no time to run to the opposite wicket. In that case the batsmen need not run, and play will resume with another bowl. If the batsman can make an offensive hit, he and the second batsman (the nonstriker) at the other wicket change places. Each time both batsmen can reach the opposite wicket, one run is scored. Providing they have enough time without being caught out and dismissed, the batsmen may continue to cross back and forth between the wickets, earning an additional run for each time both reach the opposite side. There is an outside boundary around the cricket field. A ball hit to or beyond the boundary scores four points if it hits the ground and then reaches the boundary, six points if it reaches the boundary from the air (a fly ball). The team with the highest number of runs wins a match. Should both teams be unable to complete their number of innings before the time allotted, the match is declared a draw. Scores in the hundreds are common in cricket.

Matches in cricket can range from informal weekend afternoon encounters on village greens to top-level international contests spread over five days in Test matches and played by leading professional players in grand stadiums.

History

Origin

Discovering cricket: From the “Timeless Test” to T20

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British cricketeer William Gilbert Grace, 19th century colored engraving. (W.G. Grace, sports)

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Cricket is believed to have begun possibly as early as the 13th century as a game in which country boys bowled at a tree stump or at the hurdle gate into a sheep pen. This gate consisted of two uprights and a crossbar resting on the slotted tops; the crossbar was called a bail and the entire gate a wicket. The fact that the bail could be dislodged when the wicket was struck made this preferable to the stump, which name was later applied to the hurdle uprights. Early manuscripts differ about the size of the wicket, which acquired a third stump in the 1770s, but by 1706 the pitch—the area between the wickets—was 22 yards long.

The ball, once presumably a stone, has remained much the same since the 17th century. Its modern weight of between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces (156 and 163 grams) was established in 1774.

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The primitive bat was no doubt a shaped branch of a tree, resembling a modern hockey stick but considerably longer and heavier. The change to a straight bat was made to defend against length bowling, which had evolved with cricketers in Hambledon, a small village in southern England. The bat was shortened in the handle and straightened and broadened in the blade, which led to forward play, driving, and cutting. As bowling technique was not very advanced during this period, batting dominated bowling through the 18th century.

The early years

The earliest reference to an 11-a-side match, played in Sussex for a stake of 50 guineas, dates from 1697. In 1709 Kent met Surrey in the first recorded intercounty match at Dartford, and it is probable that about this time a code of laws (rules) existed for the conduct of the game, although the earliest known version of such rules is dated 1744. Sources suggest that cricket was limited to the southern counties of England during the early 18th century, but its popularity grew and eventually spread to London, notably to the Artillery Ground, Finsbury, which saw a famous match between Kent and All-England in 1744. Heavy betting and disorderly crowds were common at matches.

The aforementioned Hambledon Club, playing in Hampshire on Broadhalfpenny Down, was the predominant cricket force in the second half of the 18th century before the rise of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in London. Formed from a cricket club that played at White Conduit Fields, the club moved to Lord’s Cricket Ground in St. Marylebone borough in 1787 and became the MCC and in the following year published its first revised code of laws. Lord’s, which was named after its founder, Thomas Lord, has had three locations over its history. Moving to the current ground in St. John’s Wood in 1814, Lord’s became the headquarters of world cricket.

In 1836 the first match of North counties versus South counties was played, providing clear evidence of the spread of cricket. In 1846 the All-England XI, founded by William Clarke of Nottingham, began touring the country, and from 1852, when some of the leading professionals (including John Wisden, who later compiled the first of the famous Wisden almanacs on cricketing) seceded to form the United All-England XI, these two teams monopolized the best cricket talent until the rise of county cricket. They supplied the players for the first English touring team overseas in 1859.

Technical develop-

mentUntil early in the 19th century all bowling was underhand, and most bowlers favoured the high-tossed lob. Next came "the round-arm revolution," in which many bowlers began raising the point at which they released the ball. Controversy raged furiously, and in 1835 the MCC rephrased the law to allow the hand to be raised as high as the shoulder. The new style gave a great increase in pace, or bowling speed. Gradually bowlers raised the hand higher and higher in defiance of the law. Matters came to a head in 1862 when an England team playing against Surrey left the field at London's Kennington Oval in protest over a "no ball" call---that is an umpire's decision that the bowler has thrown an illegal pitch. The argument centred on whether it was lawful for a bowler to raise his arm above the shoulder. As a direct consequence of that controversy, the bowler was officially granted the right in 1864 to bowl overhand but not to cock and straighten the arm. This greatly changed the game, making it even more impossible for a batsman to judge the ball. Already a bowler was entitled to take a running start from any direction and for any distance. Once the bowler was allowed to release overhand, the ball could then reach speeds above 90 mph. While this is not as fast as the pitching in baseball, cricket has an added twist in that the ball is usually delivered such that it bounces on the pitch before the batsman can hit it. That means the ball may curve to the right or left, bounce low or high, and spin toward or away from the batsman.

Protection came in the form of pads and batting gloves, and a cane handle made the bat a little more resilient, but only the very best batsmen could cope with fast bowling: poor condition of most pitches made it that much harder for a batsman to predict the motion of the ball. As the grounds improved, however, batsmen grew accustomed to the new bowling style and went on the offensive. Other new bowling styles were also discovered, causing batsmen to adjust their technique further.

W.G. Grace

W.G. Grace (right), batting in an 1890s cricket match.

Early in the 20th century, so many runs were being scored that debate ensued on reforming the "leg-before-wicket" law. This law was introduced in the 1774 laws to prevent a batsman from using his body to prevent the ball from hitting his wicket. Actually, heavy scores were due to several outstanding batsmen like W.G. Grace, Sir John Berry Hobbs, and K.S. Ranjisinhhji (later the maharaja of Nawanagar). It was the golden age of cricket.

In the 20th century there was a series of attempts to aid the bowler and quicken the tempo of the game. Nevertheless, the game by the mid-20th century was characterized not by overwhelming offense but by defensive play on both sides and by a slow pace. When the popularity of the game showed signs of declining, one-day cricket, or limited-overs cricket, was invented. One-day cricket had initially been played internationally when, following a Test match being rained out for the first days, on the last scheduled day for play, a limited-overs match was held to give fans some game to watch. The response was enthusiastic, and one-day cricket came into being. This version of cricket is played with a limited number of overs for each side—usually 50—and it results in a faster-paced though much-altered game. In one-day cricket, there are some restrictions on the placement of fielders. This gave way to new batting styles, such as the paddle shot—whereby the ball is hit behind the wicket, as there are usually no fielders there—and the lofted shot, whereby the batsman tries to hit the ball past the fielders and over their heads. T20 is a style of one-day cricket—twenty overs per side—which debuted in 2003 and went on to become an international sensation within a very short period. The first Twenty20 world championship was held in 2007, and one-day cricket, especially Twenty20, took precedence in most countries over Test matches. New bowling techniques were adopted dramatically accelerating the pace of a game since the late 20th century.

the T20 World Cup in 2009.

South Africa

South Africa played its first Test, against England in Port Elizabeth, as early as in 1889. Cricket has been at the heart of the country's sporting culture ever since. When South Africa was banned from the ICC from 1970 to 1991 because of its apartheid policies, cricket administrators worked quietly to integrate nonwhite players into the system, which was based largely on traditional all-white schools and state teams. By the time apartheid was abolished, cricket was much better equipped to handle the social and political changes than rugby union was. Makhaya Ntini was an inspired fast bowler and probably one of the best in the world who made his international debut for South Africa in 1998 and has played more than 100 Tests—a role model to this new generation of Black cricketers. On the other hand, in 2000, Hansie Cronje, captain of South Africa, was banned for match-fixing in a scandal marring the integrity of South African Cricket. It was until in 2003 that country's cricketing reputation complete its rehabilitation by hosting a successful World Cup. South Africa has always been a great exporter of cricketers, mainly to England. Allan Lamb and Robin Smith were two vital ingredients in the England team of the 1980s and '90s, while Kevin Pietersen and Jonathan Trott were two important contributors to the Ashes-winning team in 2010.

Sri Lanka

Well before Test status was accorded to Sri Lanka in 1981, this island nation had been a haunt almost reserved for visiting teams, more so for the English teams on their way to Australia by sea. With the disadvantages of its relatively small population and of the civil war that since 1983 has disrupted life on the island, Sri Lanka developed swiftly into a major cricketing country. In 1996 it won the World Cup, beating Australia in the final by playing aggressive, innovative cricket under the inspired leadership of Arjuna Ranatunga. It was a victory that instilled belief in a new generation of players, which included Sanath Jayasuriya, Mahela Jayawardene—an elegant, aggressive batsman—and Muttiah Muralitharan, who in 2010 became the first bowler to take 800 Test wickets. In 2004 the Indian Ocean tsunami devastated the cricket-playing regions of southern Sri Lanka—among them the Test match ground at Galle—and took the lives of so many fine young players with the world at their feet. However, Sri Lanka recovered to once again go on and make it into the World Cup final in 2007. In 2009, calamity struck again as the Sri Lankan team's bus was attacked by terrorists while they were on the way to the ground for the second Test against Pakistan in Lahore.

West Indies

Cricket united the Caribbean after the West Indies team became the fourth Test-playing side in 1928. Other sports have generally been played by the individual islands, but British colonial influence helped the formation of a united regional team—the West Indies cricket team. For a while during the 1970s and '80s, when that West Indian team had a quartet of fast bowlers led by Michael Holding, Malcolm Marshall, Andy Roberts, and Joel Garner, and batsmen of the destructive capacity of Sir Viv Richards and Clive Lloyd, they were almost unbeatable. With a great abundance of talented players, metrical pitches, and an unorthodox flourish, Caribbean cricket has been played most clearly through the batsmanship of Sir Garfield Sobers, Richards, and Brian Lara.

The game became less popular in the West Indies during the 21st century because of a lack of strong administrative leadership and the ever-increasing appeal of sports potentially more lucrative, like athletics, football, and basketball. After contesting the finals of the first three World Cups (in 1975, 1979, and 1983) and winning the first two, the West Indian team subsequently failed—with the exception of 1996—to reach even the knockout stage of subsequent World Cups, including in 2007, as the host of the event.

Zimbabwe

Until Test status was granted to Zimbabwe in 1992, the country's best cricketers, including Colin Bland, played for South Africa. Indeed, the cricket history of the two countries has been intertwined. Well before the newly independent and renamed Zimbabwe became an ICC associate member in 1980, teams representing its Rhodesian forerunner states had appeared in the Currie Cup, the South African domestic first-class tournament—first in 1904–05, then in the early 1930s, and again after World War II. It made its debut in the World Cup as far back as 1983 - and shocked the world by defeating Australia - but arguably the country's best batsman, Graeme Hick, emigrated to England shortly afterwards to play for them.

Political interference and chaotic administration have dogged Zimbabwean cricket in the early 21st century. 2004 saw Heath Streak being axed as captain of the national team, and this was the catalyst for a crisis from which Zimbabwe took years to recover, including exile from Test cricket, starting in 2006 and lasting until 2011. Much to do with this was the political volatility of the country. For example, during the 2003 World Cup, England refused to play their match in Zimbabwe due to security concerns. At the same event, two Zimbabwe cricketers, Andy Flower and Henry Olonga, wore black armbands to "mourn the death of democracy" in their country.

Test matches

Ashes

Ashes urn.

The first Test match, after two national teams played, was between Australia and England in Melbourne in 1877, and it was won by the former. When Australia again won at the Oval at Kennington, London, in 1882, the Sporting Times printed an obituary notice announcing that English cricket would be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia thus creating the "play for the Ashes". The Ashes should belong to the bail burnt in the 1882–83 England tour of Australia. And there from the two nations continued contesting each other's ability almost every year from there on during the rest of the 19th century. Starring W.G. Grace, the Victorian England produced the greatest cricketer of all time. The Australiaies were not as strong as England during that era because their bowlers had F.R. Spofforth, the pioneer of the great bowlers of all time, and J.McC. Blackham was the pioneer of great wicketkeeper.

In 1907, South Africa first played Test matches in England and also took on Australia, whose dominance between the two World Wars was symbolized by the prodigious run scoring of Sir Don Bradman. The arrival of the West Indies in 1928, New Zealand in 1930, and India in 1932 saw a noticeable growth in the number of Test match countries.

The visit of the Australian side to England in 1930–31 did much to repair good feeling, and in 1932–33, the England side visited Australia, where relations between the two teams touched a low ebb once more as a result of the use of "bodyline" bowling tactics—involving the ball being bowled close to or, indeed, in some cases at, the batsman. Jardine, and involved fast short-pitched deliveries bowled to the batsman's body so that the batter would be hit on the upper body or head or, alternatively, would be caught out by one of the fielders on the leg side (the side behind the striker when in a batting stance). The plan was devised to curb Bradman's scoring, but it led to a large number of serious injuries on the Australian team. The practice was felt to be unsportsmanlike by the Australians, who protested vigorously. The series was played out, but it created bitter feeling on the part of Australia for some time to come. Bodyline bowling tactics were soon after banned.

By the summer after the Second World War, there were Test matches in England, with Australia being the most frequent visitor, and the Test ranks were increased by the addition of Pakistan in 1952. Steadily, tours between the Test-playing nations had increased to such an extent that while the first 500 Test matches were spread over 84 years, the next 500 occupied only 23. Sri Lanka's entry in 1982 as the eighth Test-playing country came during an era dominated by the West Indies—whose devastating attack was founded, uniquely for the first time in cricket history, on four fast bowlers. Zimbabwe was admitted as a Test country in 1992 and Bangladesh in 2000.

Australia

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Australia: Cricket

One-day internationals began in 1972, answering the complaint that the Test matches had gone on too long. In 1975 the first World Cup was contested in England in a series of one-day matches of 60 overs a side (the number of overs was reduced to 50 in 1987). The event was a great success and continued at four-year intervals. It was held outside England, in India and Pakistan, for the first time in 1987.

Test cricket – the longer five-day version – has faced a number of crises since the late 1960s. In 1969–70, for example, a South African tour to England was cancelled because of opposition to South African apartheid. Violence, damage, and disruption of play had been threatened. A more serious threat to Test cricket emerged in the late 1970s and came from an Australian television network executive operating out of a country other than India—Kerry Packer—who lured most of the world's best players into a series of private matches over the years 1977 to 1979. Counter-measures against the players were pursued with vigor but were blocked on appeal in the courts in England. The players returned to the fold, but the genie of commercialism was out of the bottle. In 1982 an agreement by 12 first-class English cricketers to take part—in breach of official guidelines—in a commercially sponsored South African tour with fees of up to £50,000 per man led to their three-year ban. Cricketers from Sri Lanka and the West Indies suffered stiffer penalties when they toured South Africa, and the employment of British professionals as players and coaches in South Africa held out the possibility of a serious rupture between the Test-playing nations that was avoided only by the ending of apartheid.

The discovery of match fixing once again shook Test cricket in 1999. While betting on cricket matches has been prevalent since early days in England, most Test playing countries had banned such betting in the modern era. Betting on cricket was legal in India and Pakistan, however, and cricketers who were playing international matches in those countries claimed to receive offers from bookies and betting syndicates to under-perform in return for cash. All of those who represented their countries - the Australians, the South Africans, the Indians, and the Pakistanis - were all sullied by the scandal, a number of players were banned from cricket for life, and the reputation of the game was seriously questioned.

21st-century developments

With the emergence of Twenty20 cricket (T20) and the amazing success of the IPL in the first decade of this century, there was a special period of great innovation in the game. The modified, shortened version of the game favoured batting, in part, through limits to field placings and the size of the boundaries. To survive against free-scoring heavy-hitting batsmen, bowlers became adept at various different types of balls they bowled. Deception was an integral part of the armoury of a bowler. Slow bowlers, who compel a batsman to provide all the power behind a released ball, compared to a fast bowl where the bowler has provided extra power, were surprisingly effective. Among the new shots that became commonplace for batters in T20 cricket was the reverse sweep, where a right-handed batter, in mid-delivery, changes hands and swings at the ball like a left-hander (or a left-hander swings like a right-hander). Batters also began employing the scoop—a shot played almost vertically over the wicketkeeper's head. It was test cricket that benefited most from these new tactics and from the new era of innovation, not least with the creation of the doosra, which is bowled looking like an off-spinner delivery but then, instead of coming in, will go away from the right-handed batsman. Developed by the Pakistan off-spinner Saqlain Mushtaq and taking its name from the Urdu expression meaning "the other one," the ball was perfected by Muttiah Muralitharan of Sri Lanka,

Cricket also followed other sports in its use of video technology in making onfield decisions. Initially, from its first trial in 1992, only line decisions such as run outs were decided by referral to a third umpire off the field. But in 2008 a new referral system, in which players could refer any on-field decision to the third umpire, made its international debut in a series between India and Sri Lanka. Having been put on trial in English county cricket in 2007, it became part of the key international playing conditions. Each side receives two referrals every innings, down from three at the start of the system debut. Referrals which lead to the original not-ou t / out decision being changed do not count against the 2. The system was specifically designed to be used to eliminate one of an umpire's innocent but obvious mistakes and has been received with more enthusiasm by Player than by some umpires.

Women's cricket

Women first played cricket in England in the 18th century. In 1887 the first club, White Heather, was formed, and it survived to 1957. In 1890 two professional teams known collectively as the Original English Lady Cricketers were in action.

In 1926 the Women's Cricket Association was founded and in 1934–35 it sent a team to Australia and New Zealand. Australia paid a return visit in 1937, and, since World War II, tours have increased. The International Women's Cricket Council was formed in 1958 by Australia, England, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and South Africa and later included India, Denmark, and several West Indian islands. Established in 1973, two years before the men's cricket World Cup, the first two teams were England and Australia, and the first games were hosted at Lord's in 1976.

In 2023, the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) started the Women's Premier League (WPL). The 2023 WPL included 5 teams and Mumbai Indians won the final against Delhi Capitals. The 2024 WPL will once again be a competition between Mumbai Indians and Delhi Capitals.

Field of play, equipment and dress

Cricket grounds vary in size from the enormous oval— Great, Sommerfield, or North Marine— at Lord's in London, which is about 5.5 acres [2.2 hectares], to the wondrous Melbourne Cricket Ground, to village greens and to small meadows. The overview should be a level expanse of fine-textured turf, but, short of this, it may be employed over any artificial covered surface— for example, coir (fibre) matting, artificial turf on a firm base. Usually, a boundary line or fence marks the limits of the playing area.

Three stumps, or stakes, forming a wicket are each 28 inches (71.1 cm) in height and of equal thickness (1.25 inches in diameter). They are stuck into the ground and are separated from each other in such a manner that the ball does not pass through them. Two wooden pieces, appropriately called bails, each 4.37 inches (11.1 cm) long, shall be placed in shallow grooves on the top of the stumps. The finial height of the bails, shall not be any more than half an inch (1 inch = 25.4 mm) and in any case not above the top of the stumps. The total width of the wicket is 9 inches (22.86 cm). A batsman defends two of these wickets, one at each end of the pitch, while a bowler attacks them.

Each wicket consists of three stumps with two bails on top, and the creases have lines of whitewash marking the creases: the bowling crease of the line defined by the base of the stumps, on which the match is played by the batsman; a return crease line on each end of and at right angles to the bowling crease, a return crease extending to a field on both sides; and a popping crease on its bowling crease with a length of 4 ft. The bowling and return creases indicate the area in and from which, respectively, the bowler must ground the rear foot when making a delivery; the popping crease, located 62 feet (18.9 metres) from the other end's bowling crease, is the batting mark. It is when a batsman is running between wickets that the crease represents the area in which he is "safe", and only a cricketer's bat need be in the crease. Thus, a batsman will often place just the tip of the bat over the line of the crease, then begin to run for the opposite wicket.

The blade of the paddle-shaped bat is made of willow, and it should not exceed 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) in width. The bat—overall, including the handle—should not exceed 38 inches (96.5 cm) in length. The ball, with a core of cork that is built up with string, was traditionally encased in polished red leather, though white is now regularly used, especially for night games. The halves of the ball are sewn together with a raised seam (the seam being like the equator on a globe, not like the curved seam of a baseball or tennis ball). Slightly smaller, harder, and heavier than a baseball, it must weigh between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces (156 and 163 grams) and measure between 8.8 and 9 inches (22.4 and 22.9 cm) in circumference. In cricket's nascent stage, the same ball was meant to be used over the entire match, thus enabling pitches to have more swerve and movement as the match wears on. Even today, the same cricket ball will be in play for an entire day of a match and, as the ball gets more used, it is progressively more difficult to hit.

Cricket attire has, thus, kept pace with the changing contours of male fashion. In the 18th century, cricketers had worn tricorne hats, knee breeches, silk stockings, and shoes with buckles. More colorful dress was common on the field in the 18th century, and only in the late 19th century did the uniform long associated with cricket arrive: white flannel trousers with a white shirt and V-necked sweater, the sweater often trimmed with club colors. Straw hats and top hats were all part of the cricket gear, but in the 1880s, the coloured cap began to be favoured. Men, in the 1880s, also began to favour white buckskin shoes, and the cricketers followed with the white shoes (then more fashionably termed boots) adopted to go with the flannels. By the late 20th century players took to wearing brightly colored clothing, dispelling centuries of tradition where the teams could be discerned by how much white they were wearing. At the beginning of the 21st century, the loose-fitting polo shirt predominated for cricket, either short- or long- sleeved with matching trousers of a similar style and description; spiked cleats for traction were required by the rules.

At the start of the fast bowling era, cricketers became more protective of their dress. The batsman is dressed in white pads also known as leg guards, an abdominal protector to protect the body, and batting gloves to protect the fingers; batsmen may also wear helmets and other protection. The wicketkeeper is also padded and wears reinforced gauntlets—the other fielders do not wear gloves.

Rules of the game

One player on each team acts as captain. There are two umpires—one standing behind the bowler's wicket, the other at the position called square leg about 15 yards from the batsman's popping crease (see the figure)—to control the game according to the laws; two scorers record its progress. The object of the game is for one side to score more runs than the other.

An allusion to the coin toss that kicks off a cricket match is when the winning captain elects to have either his side or the other side take the first innings; in other words, the first pair of batsmen go to the wicket together to try to make as many runs as possible against the other side's bowling and fielding. An innings is completed by three methods:

The first is the run-out of 10 batsmen, with the remaining batsman being left with no partner and consequently being declared "not out".

The captain of the batting side declares his innings closed before all 10 men are out.

In a match of one innings a side, when the allotted number of overs expires. Results are in other side's favour by the margin of runs or, if the side batting last passes the other side's total before all their batsmen have been dismissed, by the number of their wickets (i.e., batsmen still to be dismissed) outstanding.

Matches are decided either on the number of runs scored in one innings each, usually in the case of one-day matches, or on the aggregate of runs made by each side in two innings. Test matches last five days, or 30 playing hours; other first-class matches last from three to four days, and the bulk of club, school, and village matches last one day.

The nonbatting team then takes up its positions in the field. One is the bowler and another is the wicketkeeper, while the remaining nine are placed as directed by the captain or bowler (see the figure). The first batsman is the guard of the wicket, better known as the striker, who takes position behind the popping crease with a minimum of one foot outside of it. The striker's partner is the nonstriker, who waits behind the popping crease at the bowler's end. The bowler is trying to hit the wicket of the batsman or attempt to have them otherwise dismissed.

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